Modifying Tables
When you create a table and you realize that you made a mistake, or the requirements of the application change, you can drop the table and create it again. But this is not a convenient option if the table is already filled with data, or if the table is referenced by other database objects (for instance a foreign key constraint). Therefore ProtonBase provides a family of commands to make modifications to existing tables. Note that this is conceptually distinct from altering the data contained in the table: here we are interested in altering the definition, or structure, of the table.
You can:
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Add columns
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Remove columns
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Add constraints
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Remove constraints
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Change default values
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Change column data types
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Rename columns
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Rename tables
All these actions are performed using the ALTER TABLE command, whose reference page contains details beyond those given here.
Adding a Column
To add a column, use a command like:
ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description text;The new column is initially filled with whatever default value is given (null if you don't specify a DEFAULT clause).
ALTER TABLE statement is executed. Instead, the default value will be returned the next time the row is accessed, and applied when the table is rewritten, making the ALTER TABLE very fast even on large tables.clock_timestamp()) each row will need to be updated with the value calculated at the time ALTER TABLE is executed. To avoid a potentially lengthy update operation, particularly if you intend to fill the column with mostly nondefault values anyway, it may be preferable to add the column with no default, insert the correct values using UPDATE, and then add any desired default as described below.You can also define constraints on the column at the same time, using the usual syntax:
ALTER TABLE products ADD COLUMN description text CHECK (description <> '');In fact all the options that can be applied to a column description in CREATE TABLE can be used here. Keep in mind however that the default value must satisfy the given constraints, or the ADD will fail. Alternatively, you can add constraints later (see below) after you've filled in the new column correctly.
Removing a Column
To remove a column, use a command like:
ALTER TABLE products DROP COLUMN description;Whatever data was in the column disappears. Table constraints involving the column are dropped, too. However, if the column is referenced by a foreign key constraint of another table, ProtonBase will not silently drop that constraint. You can authorize dropping everything that depends on the column by adding CASCADE:
ALTER TABLE products DROP COLUMN description CASCADE;See Section 4.9 for a description of the general mechanism behind this.
Adding a Constraint
To add a constraint, the table constraint syntax is used. For example:
ALTER TABLE products ADD CHECK (name <> '');
ALTER TABLE products ADD CONSTRAINT some_name UNIQUE (product_no);
ALTER TABLE products ADD FOREIGN KEY (product_group_id) REFERENCES product_groups;To add a not-null constraint, which cannot be written as a table constraint, use this syntax:
ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no SET NOT NULL;The constraint will be checked immediately, so the table data must satisfy the constraint before it can be added.
Removing a Constraint
To remove a constraint you need to know its name. If you gave it a name then that's easy. Otherwise the system assigned a generated name, which you need to find out. The psql command \d `tablename` can be helpful here; other interfaces might also provide a way to inspect table details. Then the command is:
DROP INDEX indexname;(If you are dealing with a generated constraint name like $2, don't forget that you'll need to double-quote it to make it a valid identifier.)
As with dropping a column, you need to add CASCADE if you want to drop a constraint that something else depends on. An example is that a foreign key constraint depends on a unique or primary key constraint on the referenced column(s).
This works the same for all constraint types except not-null constraints. To drop a not null constraint use:
ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN product_no DROP NOT NULL;(Recall that not-null constraints do not have names.)
Changing a Column's Default Value
To set a new default for a column, use a command like:
ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price SET DEFAULT 7.77;Note that this doesn't affect any existing rows in the table, it just changes the default for future INSERT commands.
To remove any default value, use:
ALTER TABLE products ALTER COLUMN price DROP DEFAULT;This is effectively the same as setting the default to null. As a consequence, it is not an error to drop a default where one hadn't been defined, because the default is implicitly the null value.